Photo: D.A.Edwards

LANDSCAPE

Fenland Survey

The Fenland region of eastern England was once the largest wetland in Britain and a rich archaeological resource, but centuries of drainage and cultivation have drastically reduced the deposits. Archaeological studies of the landscape were initiated in the 1930s but it was not until the formation of the Fenland Project in 1981 that a systematic field survey combining archaeological and environmental work was undertaken, with the aim of establishing policies for the preservation and excavation of  important sites and landscapes.
    In eight years the Fenland Officers walked 250,000 hectares of Fenland in four counties. The results of the field survey are published in this series (EAA 35, 45, 52, 55, 56, 66, 79) along with a comprehensive report on the Fenland environment (EAA 70). At the same time, previously unpublished excavations of the 1960s were written up (EAA 27, 61), those in Norfolk also accompanied by a gazetteer of stray finds (EAA 78). Some of these reports are now out of print so it's time to snap up the remaining titles.

No.27,1985: The Fenland Project No.1: Archaeology and Environment in the Lower Welland Valley, by Francis Pryor and Charles French
2 vols, 333pp, 207figs, 34pls, microfiche. OUT OF PRINT

No.35, 1987: The Fenland Project No.2: Fenland Landscapes and Settlement between Peterborough and March, by David Hall
77pp, 46figs, 13pl., microfiche. £14.25 £7.55

This report contains the results of fieldwork in the Fenlands of North-Western Cambridgeshire. It describes the techniques of field survey and methods of recording, and the criteria used for the reconstruction of Fenland landscapes.
Parish essays describe the geology, topography and archaeological evidence by period, of Borough Fen, Eye, March, Thorney and Whittlesey.
The concluding summary looks at the whole area and presents the results from all five parishes by period. Well-preserved or waterlogged sites with maximum archaeological potential have been identified.

No.45,1988: The Fenland Project No.3: Norfolk Survey, Marshland and the Nar Valley, by R.J.Silvester
208pp, 124figs, 13pls, microfiche. OUT OF PRINT

No.52, 1991: The Fenland Project No.4: Norfolk Survey, Wissey Embayment and Fen Causeway, by R.J. Silvester
ISBN 0 905594 04 5; 178pp, 75figs, 12pls, microfiche. £28.95£14.90

The second Norfolk volume covers a substantial tract of peat fen defined by three rivers, and incorporates the only island of any size in the Norfolk Fens. The rapid shrinkage of peat on the upland edge has revealed a densely-occupied zone that was settled from the Mesolithic through to the Bronze Age. Human settlement is viewed against changing environmental conditions as the Embayment became waterlogged and the fen edge was deserted in historic times. Investigation of the Roman road known as the Fen Causeway revealed a canal, and the associated salt-making and peat cutting economy.

No.55,1992: The Fenland Project No.5: Lincolnshire Survey, The South-West Fens, by P.P. Hayes and T.W. Lane
ISBN 0 948639 07 5; 279pp, 150figs, 9pls, microfiche. OUT OF PRINT

No.56, 1992: The Fenland Project No.6: The South-Western Cambridgeshire Fens, by David Hall
ISBN 0 9519544 0 7; 126pp, 60figs, 9pls, microfiche. £23.75£12.00

The western part of Cambridgeshire has a varied range of fen types, from deep peat through marine deposits to the coarse silt fen at the north of Manea. There is a scarp of 37m on the western edge and low islands to the east; between them runs the main pre-Flandrian channel of the River Ouse. This took most of the upland water until the post-Roman period. Freshwater lakes were notable in the Middle Ages, Whittlesey Mere being the largest inland lake in England after Windermere.

No.61, 1993: The Fenland Project No.7: Excavations in Peterborough and the Lower Welland Valley 1960–69, by W.G. Simpson, D. Gurney, J. Neve and F. Pryor
ISBN 0 9520616 1 9; 166pp, 79figs, 35pls, microfiche. £18.50£11.00

This volume brings together reports on four excavations in the Welland Valley resulting from the Royal Commission's assessment of gravel cropmark sites in 1960. They are: a late Neolithic settlement at Barholm, and a double pit-alignment at Tallington (Lincs); a pit-alignment and an Iron Age enclosure at Maxey (Cambs); and Romano-British aisled buildings at Barnack (Cambs). A Neolithic rectangular ditched enclosure and Bronze Age settlement remains at Fengate, Peterborough, are also reported. The information from this group of sites has added considerably to our understanding of prehistoric and Roman land use and boundaries in the Welland Valley region.

No.66, 1993: The Fenland Project No.8: Lincolnshire Surey, the Northern Fen-edge, by T. Lane
ISBN 0 948639 11 3; 140pp, 93figs, 9pls, microfiche. £18.20£11.00

This second volume of results from the Lincolnshire Fenland survey deals with fieldwork in the northern fens and their margins, a small group of parishes at the southern end of the Witham Valley, and the coastal parish of Wrangle.
    Survey in the north has offered the opportunity to compare and contrast the archaeology and palaeo-environments of the north with those of the western margins of the Lincolnshire Fenland. Differences between the two have been striking, with the focus of settlement shifting from the northern fen edge to the west during the Bronze Age, and the wide expanses of fen in the north serving as a barrier to communication.

No.70, 1994: The Fenland Project No.9: Flandrian Environmental Change in Fenland, by M. Waller
ISBN 0 9519544 1 5; 366pp, 171figs, 9pls. £42.25 £25.00

The results of the Fenland Project's palaeoenvironmental programme are described in this volume. The overall aim of the Project was to place archaeological sites discovered by field survey within their contemporary landscape. To this end, the palaeoenvironmental programme concentrated on the recent (Flandrian) deposits of Fenland.
    The volume is divided into two parts. Part I includes discussions of previous studies and methodology, models of depositional environments and a synthesis of information on vegetational history. Part II contains details of the stratigraphic information collected from over forty sites in Fenland, and concludes with a sedimentary history of the region in which aspects of archaeological interest are highlighted, along with the remaining gaps and uncertainties in our knowledge.

No.78, 1996: The Fenland Project No.11: The Wissey Embayment: Evidence for pre-Iron Age Occupation, by F. Healy
ISBN 0 905594 20 7; 194pp, 113figs, 12pls, microfiche. £17.50

This volume documents and synthesises the overwhelming and intractable mass of evidence for pre-Iron Age activity accumulated over the decades preceding the Fenland Project, from the Norfolk fen edge between the rivers Wissey and Ouse. Excavations during the 1960s are published here, together with a gazetteer of contemporary stray finds from museums and private collections.
    The report complements the two Norfolk Fenland survey volumes by R.J. Silvester, and together the three reports provide an opportunity to compare the results of two centuries of accidental discovery and acquistive collecting with those of a few years of systematic field survey.

review

No.79, 1996: The Fenland Project No.10: Cambridgeshire Survey: The Isle of Ely and Wisbech, by D. Hall
ISBN 0 9519544 2 3; 230pp, 109figs, 13pls, microfiche. £19.50

This volume completes the published account of the Cambridgeshire Fenland survey carried out between 1982 and 1987. The large area covered in this book includes not only the central and southern Fenlands, dominated by the Isle of Ely with its complex peninsulas and islands, but also parishes in the Wisbech region — the area commonly known as the 'silt fen'.
    Appendices include a study of the lithic material from Isleham, palynological data from waterlogged deposits beneath the Sutton long barrow, and a report on the aerial photographic evidence for a large part of the Cambridgeshire Fenland.

Fenland Archaeology

see also
EAA 31 Romano-British Settlement, Religion and Industry on the Fen Edge in Norfolk listed on our Roman page.
EAA Occasional Paper 10 Roman Routeways across the Fens listed on the Roman page.

No.59, 1993: The South-West Fen Dyke Survey Project 1982–86, by C. French and F. Pryor
ISBN 0 9520616 0 0; 154pp, 75figs, 16pls, microfiche. £26.85£15.00

This volume presents the results of survey along freshly cleaned fen drainage dykes, mainly in the North Level. The survey is augmented by selective excavation coupled with environmental, geophysical and geochemical surveys, carried out by the Fenland Archaeological Trust and colleagues. The environmental background of the area, previous archaeological work, and Bronze Age metalwork found during the last two centuries, are described in the opening chapters. Detailed results of the dyke survey in the North Level follow, and the report concludes with a synthesis of the archaeological and environmental evidence by period, including a brief review of soil truncation — a major factor in post-depositional distortion of the available evidence.

East Anglian Landscape

No.9, 1980: Excavations in North Elmham Park 1967–72, by Peter Wade-Martins
660pp, 272figs, 124pls, microfiche, 2vols. £12.80 £6.60

From about 680AD, North Elmham was a Saxon bishopric and, although unoccupied between the mid-9th to mid-10th centuries due to the Danish presence, continued until 1071, when it was abandoned in favour Thetford. The problems of the identification of the See with North Elmham are discussed, along with the history of the diocese and its bishops.
    Excavations took place in that part of the park closest to the cathedral and containing the most earthworks. A sequence of features was revealed which starts in the Middle Saxon period, with buildings, boundary ditches and two timber-lined wells, and ends in the 19th century. Particularly important is the development of the Middle, Late Saxon and early medieval timber buildings. David Yaxley's reconstruction drawings show how this part of the settlement may have looked at different periods.
    11th-century skeletal remains from the cathedral cemetery are described in detail and, together with literary sources, form the basis for a vivid picture of contemporary village life.
Excavation results and the documentary evidence are combined to trace the evolution of the village and its plan, from the late 7th century to the present day.

No.18, 1983: The Archaeology of Witton, near North Walsham, by Andrew Lawson
114pp, 95figs, 16pl. £8.50 £4.65

This is a review of the archaeology and history of Witton parish from prehistory to the present day.
    Fieldwalking finds, discovered by John Owles on his farm, which covers a large part of the parish, form the basis of this report. Excavation provided further information on a Roman kiln, and also Early Saxon settlement with its sunken-featured buildings. An analysis of Saxon exploitation of the landscape showed shifting settlement patterns. The medieval and post-medieval settlement is viewed against the historical and documentary evidence.
The two medieval churches are described, and accompanied by a graveyard survey of St Margaret's Church.

No.42, 1988: Archaeology and Environment in South Essex, by T.J. Wilkinson
139pp, 98figs, 6pls., microfiche. £14.00£7.40

This report describes the results of rescue excavation along the route of the A13 and M25 motorways, near Grays, Essex.
    The excavations include small Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age sites at Rectory Road and Baker Street, Orsett; Iron Age, Roman and Early Saxon occupation at Stifford Clays and Ardale School; Iron Age and Roman settlement at Belhus Park; and three medieval settlements near North Ockendon. The multi-period site at Ardale included a small Early Saxon settlement and cemetery.
    The geology, topography and landscape changes are described. Sections through Holocene valley floor deposits provided valuable information for environmental change and the impact of human activity in the area. The increase in population in the Iron Age was linked with a decline in woodland and valley bottom sedimentation.
    This sample of sites of all periods across South Essex has provided material for an examination of landscape change from the Neolithic to the Medieval period, and raises questions about the supposed Roman origin of the rectilinear landscape system — although further work is needed on this problem.

No.49,1990: The Evolution of Settlement in Three Parishes in South-East Norfolk, by Alan Davison
ISBN 0 905594 02 9; 93pp, 21figs, 8pls. £16.50£8.65

A sequence of settlement patterns from Prehistoric to Late Medieval and Early Post-Medieval times has been established through fieldwalking in three parishes: Loddon, Hales and Heckingham. The documentary evidence has also been reviewed. In all periods, settlement favoured the areas of lighter soils though much of the landscape of all three parishes appears to have been exploited. Fluctuations and changes in the density and distribution of settlement over the centuries are described and analysed.

No.50, 1993: Flatlands and Wetlands: Current Themes in East Anglian Archaeology, edited by Julie Gardiner
ISBN 0 9521848 0 X; 192pp, 81figs, 2pls. £13.50

Ten of the eleven papers in this volume were first presented at the conference which gives its name to the volume, held at the University of East Anglia in 1989. The conference was convened primarily to celebrate over 20 years of research by the professional archaeological units of the East Anglian region. The themes reviewed here centre on relationships, and around the key words, landscape, regionality, territory, hinterland, boundaries, urbanism and colonisation. Contributors include Richard Bradley, Catherine Hills, Bob Silvester, Howard Brooks, Peter Hayes and Tom Lane, L.P. Louwe-Kooijmans, Brian Ayers, Malcolm Atkin, Keith Wade, Alan Vince, Julie Gardiner and Tom Williamson.

No.71, 1995: Archaeology of the Essex Coast, Volume I: The Hullbridge Survey, by T.J.Wilkinson and P. Murphy
ISBN 1 85281 119 6; 252pp, 135figs, 30pls, microfiche. £26.50 £20.00

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of archaeologists and naturalists showed that numerous archaeological sites were present within the intertidal zone in Essex, and that it presented considerable potential for integrating archaeological research within a firm environmental framework. The County Archaeological Section undertook a detailed survey of the Hullbridge area which produced such promising results that the project was extended to cover the major estuaries in Essex, plus the Clacton and Dovercourt areas.
    This report contains an introductory stratigraphic and environmental framework. The period-by-period site descriptions which follow reflect the changing nature of the archaeology during the transgression. Hence, dryland Mesolithic and Neolithic sites that existed when sea-levels were considerably lower are followed by Bronze and Iron Age sites where waterlogged wood was common. The importance of Red Hills to the Late Iron Age and Roman economies is shown, and the major drainage projects and sea-wall constructions of the medieval and post-medieval periods are also covered.

No.75, 1995: North Shoebury: Settlement and Economy in South-East Essex 1500BC–AD1500, by J. Wymer and N. Brown
ISBN 1 85281 130 7; 208pp, 104figs, 26pls, microfiche. £22.00 £15.00

Excavation at North Shoebury in the 1970s and 80s spread across about 18 hectares, an area only exceeded in southern Essex by the excavations at Mucking. Occupation was continuous, though shifting, from the Bronze Age through to the Saxon period. An Early Medieval manorial enclosure close to the church formed the focus of a dispersed settlement set originally in open fields. Foundations of a Tudor brick built house were also investigated. This volume provides the first major account of the archaeology of south-east Essex.

No.80, 1997: Barton Bendish and Caldecote, Fieldwork in South-west Norfolk, by A. Rogerson, A. Davison, D. Pritchard and R. Silvester
ISBN 0 905594 21 5; 96pp, 50figs, 11pls. £11.50

The diverse range and quality of evidence gained from surface artefact collection and excavation has been combined with historical sources to provide a sound basis for the understanding of human settlement and land-use patterns in Barton Bendish parish from the Iron Age to the 17th century. Just over the parish boundary, a very detailed fieldwalking survey of one field next to the deserted medieval settlement of Caldecote provided evidence of multi-period activity on chalky and Breckland sandy soils. The two fieldwalking programmes — geographically close yet different in scale and intensity — are presented here together to make an interesting contrast in terms of both methodology and results.

No.82, 1998: Archaeology and the Landscape in the Lower Blackwater Valley, by S. Wallis and  M. Waughman
ISBN 1 85281 160 9; 246pp, 136figs, 12pls. £17.00 £12.00

This report presents the results of two major excavation projects in the lower Blackwater valley. The sites were identified as cropmarks on aerial photographs and were excavated in advance of large-scale gravel extraction. All three sites revealed evidence of changing landscape use. The cropmarks belong to an extensive series running along much of the north side of the Blackwater estuary, and results from other sites and recent excavations are included in the discussion which forms the final chapter of the report.
    The main discoveries at Slough House Farm were a Neolithic enclosure, Iron Age settlement, Saxon timber-lined wells and a Saxon pit containing metalworking debris, this latter an outlier of the Rook Hall site. At Chigborough Farm, a putative Neolithic building, enclosures and field systems of Late Bronze Age and Iron Age date, and a probable Saxon 'boat-shaped' building were of particular significance. The much smaller site at Howell's Farm revealed a Bronze Age structure and part of an Iron Age settlement.

No.85, 1998: Towards a Landscape History of Walsham le Willows, Suffolk, by S.E.West and A.McLaughlin
ISBN 0 86055 247 0; 112pp, 70figs. £18.00

This study grew out of the archaeological field survey of the parish undertaken in the early 1980s. The discovery of a series of distinct medieval sites suggested that some correlation might be possible with the 1577 manorial survey already published.
    The wealth of documentary sources for Walsham includes an important series of manor court rolls, rentals and wills which have enabled the names of a significant number of the fields and tenements to be traced to the early 14th century. It has been possible to link the archaeological fieldwork with a hypothetical medieval map of Walsham drawing on the manorial surveys. The standing buildings, the surviving hedgerows and the few remaining earthworks have provided valuable fragments of information which have been incorporated into an overall view of the landscape history of the parish.

No.109, 2005: Archaeology and Environment of the Etton Landscape, by Charles French and Francis Pryor
ISBN 0 9520616 2 7; 220pp, 29pls, 80figs; £22.00

A long-term, low-cost rescue project was undertaken in response to gravel quarrying at Maxey between 1983 and 1990. Throughout, the archaeological focus was the more or less concurrent excavation taking place at the Etton causewayed enclosure, a site which was effectively a central point within this part of the lower Welland valley.

The Etton Landscape consists of the relict river systems, former floodplain and lowermost parts of the Welland First Terrace gravels between the modern villages of Maxey, Etton and Northborough. Situated on the fringe of this seasonally wet landscape was a series of later Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments and more enigmatic areas of occupation. The principal monuments, other than the Etton causewayed enclosure, were three small henges which exhibited several phases of re-modelling, a C-shaped enclosure, the Etton Woodgate contour ditched ‘enclosure’ and associated settlement, and four barrows (out of many more that are in the vicinity). The occupation areas were relatively few and ephemeral, often only consisting of a ‘spread’ of occupation or midden material within the buried soil, a few post-holes and/or pits in no apparent pattern or structure. There is also evidence of field demarcation on the floodplain edge in the later Neolithic.

All of these sites straddled the period of later use of the causewayed enclosure, in the third millennium and early second millennium BC. There seems to have been at this time a mosaic of ‘old’ and ‘new’ environments, ranging from old woodland to pasture and small zones of scrubby, fen-like carr, with the stream zones being affected by seasonal freshwater flooding and the minor deposition of silty clay alluvium.

By the middle part of the second millennium BC, field systems laid out at right angles to the contemporary streams were in use, with successive versions of the same general layout continuing on into the Roman period. Throughout the last two millennia BC there was a gradual opening up of the landscape, on the face of it largely pasture, but probably with some arable cultivation on the higher and better drained ground. By the later Roman period, it appears that the area was more and more affected by the seasonal deposition of alluvium and overbank flooding, which led to the establishment of a loose and scattered layout of farmsteads and associated field systems on the higher parts of the first terrace.

By medieval times, the higher parts of the terrace were completely given over to ridge and furrow cultivation, with villages established to the north and south, and the lowest zones occupied by infilled stream courses still remaining seasonally wet and possibly used as seasonal, unenclosed pasture. This more or less remained the case until 1953, when the enlargement of the Maxey Cut effectively drained the lowest parts of the terrace and permitted an expansion of arable agriculture onto the most thickly alluviated parts of the lower Welland valley between Maxey and the fen-edge.

No.124, 2008: 'Wheare most Inclosures be' East Anglian Fields: History, Morphology and Management
by Edward Martin and Max Satchell
ISBN 978 0 86055 160 7; 270pp; 116 illustrations; £30

The Historic Field Systems of East Anglia Project was carried out with support from English Heritage’s Monuments Protection Programme. The project formulated a way of analysing the historic landscape in terms of eight basic ‘land types’ that could be further broken down into eighteen sub-types. Of especial significance were common fields and their antithesis, ancient ‘block holdings’ or holdings in severalty (farmsteads surrounded by their own group of fields). This form of analysis was applied to twelve detailed case studies of historic land use that were carried out across the region: three in Norfolk, four in Suffolk, three in Essex and one each in Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire. In each place the landscape was categorised, mapped and quantified according to the land types. The varying percentages of all the land types was calculated and common fields were shown to be most prevalent in the north and west of the region, while block holdings dominated in the south, with some areas showing no evidence of ever having had common fields.

By using trend lines derived from the computer-based Historic Landscape Characterisation mapping (recently carried out in the region under another English Heritage sponsored project) in conjunction with a variety of other data sets, it was possible to suggest a wider context for the case-study based conclusions. Of particular, and unexpected, importance was a division running diagonally across the claylands of central Suffolk, approximately on the line of the River Gipping. To the south of this there is gently undulating land which had a high potential for arable farming in pre-modern times, while to the north there is mainly flat land, with an historic tendency towards dairy farming. It was also possible to demonstrate a high incidence of block holdings in the southern area and, conversely, a link with a form of common fields to the north.

But beyond these topographically explicable differences, it was also apparent that the ‘Gipping divide’ was a significant cultural boundary. This can be seen in vernacular architecture, both in constructional methods and in plan forms; in the terminology used to describe greens and woods; and in inheritance customs. The patterns seen in south Suffolk extend into Essex and those in north Suffolk extend into Norfolk, indicating that this was a boundary of regional importance that has a greater cultural significance than the existing county boundaries.

In examining the origins of the region’s field systems, consideration was given to claims that some areas had extensive co-axial field systems of pre-Roman date. A careful examination of the evidence suggests that although co-axial systems do exist, they are not vast terrain-oblivious entities and that they have varying dates and purposes. Some co-axial systems may incorporate prehistoric elements, but others are likely to be late Saxon or early medieval in date. Importantly, they are not automatic indicators of early land allotment. The case studies suggest that ‘locational’ analysis involving soil type, drainage potential and access to water is a more certain way of identifying the areas most likely to have been used for early agriculture. In the northern part of the region these ‘core’ arable areas tended to develop into common fields, but in the southern zone they tended to become block demesnes, that is large fields that were the exclusive property of manorial lords. This divergent development probably had its genesis in the late Saxon period and has an obvious significance for the understanding of the origins of common fields on a wider, national, level.

The late Saxon period witnessed very significant advances and changes in agriculture that were to have far-reaching consequences. The factors driving and influencing these changes are complex but included a climatic amelioration, an increase in population, the development or re-introduction of the mouldboard plough and the Viking invasions. The project produced evidence pointing towards a linkage between areas of Viking settlement/influence and the appearance of common fields — but not in a simple sense of an imported idea, as current evidence suggests that the English common fields are earlier than those of Scandinavia. However, the adoption of common fields may have arisen out the social upheaval caused by the Viking interventions or in the reorganisation following the English re-conquest. If so, this could suggest an origin for common fields in the late ninth or early tenth centuries. Conversely, areas that showed minimal Viking influence seem to have developed block demesnes, possibly as a continuation of farming practices that could have their roots in the Roman period or even earlier.

These findings confirm that East Anglia has an important legacy of ‘ancient’ enclosed fields, corroborating the sixteenth-century observation by Sir Thomas Smith that it was one of the areas ‘wheare most inclosures be’. Ancient cultivation traces within the fields are, however, rare. This is not because ridge-and-furrow, as found in the Midlands, has been eroded away, but because over most of East Anglia ‘stetch’ ploughing was the norm and this produced low ridges that seldom survive as earthworks. The conservation priority therefore is the preservation and the historically appropriate management of the boundaries of these fields, for changing the appearance of boundaries can change the local character as much as changes to the pattern. The report has therefore pulled together a key collection of historical descriptions of the nature and management of field boundaries across the region, as an aid towards the informed conservation of the East Anglian landscape in the twenty-first century.

In Essex, the Mapping Programme has been carried out by Historic Environment, Essex County Council as part of the English Heritage national initiative. It is part of the continuing development of a broader historic environment record for Essex that includes thematic information. The mapping project covered 190 Ordnance Survey 1:10,000 quarter-sheets and the available aerial photographs from several different sources were examined for visible archaeological features. More than 10,700 archaeological sites have been mapped and recorded, of which 13.2% were new to the Essex Historic Environment Record.
GIS has allowed the mapped archaeological features to be viewed in a landscape context and in conjunction with other geographical information such as geology, topography and historic mapping. This has both aided the interpretation of features and allowed new classifications to be established. Consequently, detailed analysis has been carried out on Neolithic monuments within their surrounding landscapes, as well as an assessment of prehistoric and Roman settlement within Essex.
Many aspects of the medieval landscape still exist in Essex today, and some have been mapped as part of the programme. Field boundary loss that has occurred since the Second World War has also been mapped, and this, combined with settlement patterns, has allowed analysis of the medieval landscape to be completed. Essex is a county with a long and varying coastline and many new coastal sites were mapped, including fish weirs, red hills and oyster pits, all of which have given an insight into the use of the coastal resource. Without the mapping programme, many of these sites would have gone unrecorded and, in some cases, unprotected. Instead, the mapping allowed some fish weir sites to be managed and scheduled.
The final aspect examined in this report concerns the varied monuments of the Second World War, many of which have been recorded and mapped for the first time. Aerial photography is often the only record for these sites and by examining RAF and other contemporary photography, a better understanding of the defences within the county has been gained.

Out of print

No.1 Bury St Edmunds, Ipswich and other sites in Suffolk
No.2 Norfolk; Harpley, Swaffham, Langhale, Yarmouth, Kings Lynn
No.3 Suffolk; Sproughton, Martlesham, Icklingham, Ipswich, Ubbeston
No.4 Thetford, Norfolk
No.5 Roman roads and sites, Norfolk
No.6 Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Spong Hill, North Elmham Norfolk Part I
No.7 Bergh Apton Anglo-Saxon cemetery, Norfolk
No.8 Norfolk; Banham, Brisley Common, Bircham, Shouldham, Hempstead etc.
No.10 Launditch Hundred, Norfolk
No.11 Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Spong Hill, North Elmham Norfolk Part II
No.12 The barrows of East Anglia
No.14 Trowse, Horning; and Eight Deserted Medieval Villages of Norfolk
No.15 Excavations in Norwich (Norwich Survey), Part I
No.16 Beaker Domestic Sites in the Fen-edge and East Anglia
No.21 Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Spong Hill, North Elmham Norfolk Part III
No.24 West Stow, the Anglo-Saxon Village
No.27 Archaeology and Environment, Lower Welland Valley (Fenland Project Number 1)
No.41 Great Dunmow, Essex: Romano-British Small Town
No.45 Norfolk Survey: Marshland and the Nar Valley (Fenland Project Number 3)
No.47 West Stow, Anglo-Saxon Animal Husbandry
No.51 Ruined and Disused Churches, Norfolk
No.54 Iron Age Forts of Norfolk
No.55 Lincs Survey: SW Fens (Fenland Project Number 5)
No.58 Norwich Households: Medieval and Post-medieval Finds
Occasional Paper No.6 Roman malt house at Stebbing Green, Essex